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— | study:dreyfus_h._l._dreyfus_s._e._athanasiou_t._1986_._mind_over_machine [2018/08/27 02:19] (current) – created - external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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+ | ==Mind over machine (Dreyfus, Dreyfus & Athanasiou, 1986) == | ||
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+ | **Citation** - [[: | ||
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+ | **Keyword** - [[:AI]], [[: | ||
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+ | === 技巧習得的五個階段 === | ||
+ | Five stages of skill acquisition | ||
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+ | "As human beings acquires a skill through instruction and experience, they do not appear to leap from rule-guided ' | ||
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+ | "As we examine in detail how novice, if he possesses innate ability and has the opportunity to acquire sufficient experience, gradually becomes an expert, we shall focus on the most common kind of problem area, sometimes called ' | ||
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+ | five stages: novice(新手), | ||
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+ | ====Novice|新手==== | ||
+ | Stage 1: Novice | 新手 | ||
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+ | " | ||
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+ | " | ||
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+ | "The manipulation of unambiguously defined context-free elements by precise rules is called ' | ||
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+ | "The beginning students want to do a good job, but lacking any coherent sense of the overall task he judges his performance mainly by how well he follows learned rules. After he acquires more than just a few rules, the exercise of his skill require so much concentration that his capacity to talk or listen to advice is severely limited. Like the training wheels on a child' | ||
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+ | ====Advanced Beginner|進階初學者==== | ||
+ | the novice can coping the real situation. | ||
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+ | examples: (1) a dog owner' | ||
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+ | ====Competence|勝任者==== | ||
+ | 決策與因時制宜的能力。 | ||
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+ | "With more experience, the number of recognizable context-free and situational elements present in real-world circumstance eventually becomes overwhelming." | ||
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+ | 護士專業教學的經驗:進階初學者可以正確的操作每一項動作,但是他們不知道什麼是重要的(小孩子哭喊的時候先去處理,因為教學上沒有這一項),沒有辦法因時制宜變化所學得的項目。 | ||
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+ | 此能力與決策工作、計劃管控、目標設定有關。 | ||
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+ | "In general, a competent performer with a goal in mind sees a situation as a set of facts. The importance of the facts may depend on the presence of other factor. He has learned that when a situation has a particular constellation of those element a certain conclusion should be drawn, decision made, or expectation investigated." | ||
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+ | 例: | ||
+ | * 有能力的駕駛:不只是能安全的開車而已,而是能盡快的從甲地移動到乙地,同時也考慮乘客的舒適度與方便;他需要探查交通狀況以規劃出最好的交通路線。 | ||
+ | * 有能力的棋士:需要直覺而非分析。 | ||
+ | * 有能力的護士:不會一步步的照預定程序檢查病人。對每一個病人都會有特別的處理計劃。 | ||
+ | * 有能力的行銷經理:先決定是否要改變現狀,再著手計劃,最後才開始進行行銷活動。每一項決策活動都只注意到整個計畫中靈光一現的某些因素。 | ||
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+ | " | ||
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+ | 與問題解決的相似性與相異性:\\ 問題解決研究「有能力者」的心智程序:計畫、目標、策略、並且找出可以完成目的的有規則程序。但是並不是所有智力程序都是問題解決。 | ||
+ | * 相似點: | ||
+ | ** "When cognitive scientists, psychologists, | ||
+ | ** Herbert Simon: his concern is to understand how we choose plans, goals, and strategies, and how situations represented as sets of facts and figures can be transformed by rule-like procedures into new sets that conform with our goals. | ||
+ | * 批評: they typically go on to generalize their results too far, accepting as essentially true, without supporting this claim by any arguments or empirical evidence, that all intelligent behavior is of the problem-solving form. | ||
+ | * problem-solving is sufficient to produce certain intelligent behavior, but not necessary. | ||
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+ | ====Proficiency|精熟者==== | ||
+ | 在諸多可能選項中選定目標並做出其後的決策。 | ||
+ | "... he made conscious choices of both goals and decisions after reflecting upon various alternatives." | ||
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+ | 精熟者只專注於情境中某些顯著的特點,並略過其他要素。 | ||
+ | " | ||
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+ | 引發記憶。holistic similarity recognition | ||
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+ | 直覺 與 know-how。 | ||
+ | * "When we speak of intuition or know-how, we are referring to the understanding that effortlessly occurs upon seeing similarities with previous experiences. We shall use ' | ||
+ | * " | ||
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+ | 同時利用直覺與分析技巧。 | ||
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+ | ====Expertise|專家==== | ||
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+ | "An expert generally knows what to do based on mature and practiced understanding." | ||
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+ | 專家做活動的時候是不需要問題解決的,不需要謹慎的決策,沒有特別認知到的。 | ||
+ | "When things are proceeding normally, experts don't solve problems and don't make decision; they do what normally works." | ||
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+ | 專家不一定都是對的。雖然專家常常不加思索的進行工作,但是在時間允許與重要事項上,專家也會謹慎的工作。然而專家的謹慎並非問題解決的運算,而更像是根據個人直覺的批判性反思,並且不常決策。 | ||
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+ | 西洋棋專家研究:專家能根據棋子分佈的位置在五秒到十秒間應手,而不會嚴格的降低棋步的品質。 | ||
+ | * Herbert Simon 研究發現西洋棋大師能記住數千種西洋棋分佈的樣式。他將這些樣式稱為 chunks (棋形),並推測這些chunk(棋形)與下棋有關。辨識這些chunk(棋形)並不需要規則式的運算。 | ||
+ | * Herbert Simon' | ||
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+ | ==== five stages ==== | ||
+ | ^ Skill level ^ Components ^ Perspective ^ Decision ^ Commitment ^ | ||
+ | |Novice |Context-free |None |Analytical |Detached | | ||
+ | |Advanced beginner |Context-free and Situational |None |Analytical |Detached | | ||
+ | |Competent |Context-free and Situational |Chosen |Analytical |Detached understanding and deciding. Involved in outcome | | ||
+ | |Proficient |Context-free and Situational |Experienced |Analytical |Involved understanding. Detached deciding | | ||
+ | |Expert |Context-free and Situational |Experienced |Intuitive |Involved | | ||
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+ | ===Deliberative Rationality|審慎的理性=== | ||
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+ | == Note == | ||
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+ | == Metadata == | ||
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+ | {{tag> | ||
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+ | **file link** - [[google.s> | ||
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