Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
— | knowledge_representation [2016/10/23 04:12] (current) – created - external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
+ | == Knowledge representation [知識表徵]== | ||
+ | **Definitions**: | ||
+ | //Knowledge representation is a umbrella term for the methods by which information is stored in the mind for later use.// - by Arthur B. Markman, 2005 | ||
+ | |||
+ | //Knowledge representation is a subarea of artificaial intelligence concerned with understanding, | ||
+ | |||
+ | **book**: //Knowledge representation// | ||
+ | |||
+ | 「表徵」一詞在不同的學科中,有不同的意涵。在1950s後期,心理學開始以電腦的觀點研究心智。這種觀點假設人類的心智就像電腦一樣,以表徵完成演算工作,以此觀點來說明人類心智處理資訊的工作。在心理學中,廣義的表徵(representation)可以用四個部分來定義(Markman, | ||
+ | - a represented world / 被表徵的世界 | ||
+ | - a representing world / 表徵的世界 | ||
+ | - a set of representing rules / 表徵的規則 | ||
+ | - a processe that uses the representation / 使用表徵資訊的程序 | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | == Introduction == | ||
+ | |||
+ | === 知識表徵(系統)(人工智能) === | ||
+ | 知識表徵是一個人工智能研究的次領域,探討理解、設計、與以計算機實作表徵資訊的方式。因而得以: | ||
+ | * 導出隱含其中的資訊; | ||
+ | * 與人類以自然語言交談; | ||
+ | * 計劃未來行動; | ||
+ | * 解決通常需要人類專門知識處理的問題 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 導出(derviing)資訊中隱含的資訊以推論(reasoning)的形式表徵。因此這個領域的研究又被稱為「知識表徵與推論」。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 許多哲學家認為知識(knowledge)即被證明(justified)為真的信念(true belief)。但是在人工智慧的知識表徵研究中,對知識的定義並不侷限在如此嚴謹的哲學定義中。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== 歷史 ==== | ||
+ | 知識表徵研究開始於1958年左右,目標在於使電腦能夠處理人類所能進行的常識判斷。1960s-1970s的知識表徵研究,認為人們都是以自然語言處理知識表徵與資訊的使用。1970s-1980s的研究關注於人類專業作業的特定領域知識。1980s-1990s,研究轉為關注於日常生活知識中的特定次領域細節,如時空表徵(spatial representation)、一般目的的知識架構(ontology; | ||
+ | |||
+ | == 知識表徵的種類 == | ||
+ | - spatial representation 時空表徵 | ||
+ | - featural representation 特徵表徵 | ||
+ | - semantic network 語義網路 | ||
+ | - structured representation 結構表徵 | ||
+ | |||
+ | == predicate calculus == | ||
+ | predicate calculus - 謂詞演算 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 在1800s-1900s初期,發展出許多希望能將人類的推論邏輯加以計算的形式系統(formal system),或可統稱唯一種形式邏輯系統。對人工智能的研究者而言,這是知識表徵系統的濫觴。這時期所發展的系統由三種基本要素組成: | ||
+ | - syntax - 語法: 規範基本符號與形式表徵語法規則 | ||
+ | - semantics - 語義: 規範基本符號的意義,與由各部分決定意義表徵的規則 | ||
+ | - proof theory - 證明論: 規範推論的規則,指定哪個其他表徵可以被加入到公理(axioms)的一個起始集合「證明」(an initial collection called " | ||
+ | |||
+ | meaning | ||
+ | |||
+ | 在邏輯系統中有兩種meaning: | ||
+ | - 句子所聲稱的 | ||
+ | - 真值(true value) | ||
+ | |||
+ | propositional logic 與 predicate logic (first-order logic) 在邏輯語法上的不同 | ||
+ | |||
+ | == procedural representation == | ||
+ | In the mid-1970s, knowledge representation researchers were embroiled in what was called the ' | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | == production system == | ||
+ | Production systems are a subclass of knowledge representation and reasoning systems. The knowledge base of a production system is divided into two parts, a working memory and a rule memory. The working memory consists of a set of symbol structures not containing varialbes. The rule memory consists of a set of pattern-action rules. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == references == | ||
+ | |||
+ | * //Stuart C. Shapiro// - http:// | ||
+ | * Shapiro, S. C. (2005). Knowledge reresentation. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science (pp. 671-680). NJ: John Wiley. | ||
+ | * Markman, A. B. (1998). //Knowledge representation// | ||
+ | * Markman, A. B. (2005). Knowledge reresentation, |