Citation - Francke, H. (2009). Towards an Architectural Document Analysis. Journal of Information Architecture, 1(1), 16-36.

Keyword - Information Architecture, Document Architecture

本文主要探討:

• 資訊架構(IA)與文件架構(DA)的定義與運用。
  The article contains an overview of how IA and DA have been used and defined.
• 將文件當作一種「社會-科技產物」的分析模型，能在理論與實務方面，更有效的區分資訊架構分析與文件架構分析。
  The article shows how a model for analysing documents as sociotechnical artefacts can fruitfully draw on parts of the theoretical and practical complexes of IA and DA.
  • IA（資訊架構分析）考慮的是組織系統、導覽、與命名。
    …. IA are organisation systems, navigation, and labelling.
  • DA（文件架構分析） 考慮的是邏輯架構、編排架構、內容架構、文件架構。
    From DA, logical structures, layout structures, content structures, and file structures are all applicable aspects.

THE HISTORY OF THE “TEXT/DOCUMENT AS ARCHITECTURE” METAPHOR

• Cowling(1998)¹⁾
  • Plato, Gorgias (蘇格拉底對話錄, 高爾及亞篇): writer and builder alike handle “problems involving the ordering, framing, and fitting together of materials”. 羅馬修辭學。建構言語如同房屋。
  • 建築與傳統修辭所相通的步驟：
    • inventio （構思, invention）– gathering or constructing material
    • dispositio （佈局, disposition）– ordering it according to some form of structure (which may be a hierarchical arrangement)
    • ornatus （措辭風格, style）– decorating it in accordance with the intended style and audience.
• 電腦相關領域對於建築隱喻的運用：
  • the metaphor has also come to be used in other noun phrases such as systems architecture, software architecture
  • Coplien & Devos (2000)²⁾ for a discussion on similarities between the role of building architects and software architects.
  • Both in software architecture (Coplien, 1999, 41) ³⁾ and in information architecture (Morrogh, 2003, 3)⁴⁾, the analogy seems to focus more on the architects’ tasks and concerns than on the architecture of the artefact.
  • For a critique of the metaphor’s applicability in software architecture, see Baragry & Reed (2001).

• 通常是指製作大型網站的過程之一；或也可以是一種運用在大型網站建置以外的隱喻，例如企業資訊技術架構中的元件配置模型。
• 雖然資訊架構工作可能涉及整合於不同學科領域的專家，如平面設計、圖書館資訊科學、新聞、使用性工程、行銷、人機互動、等等。但實務中，根據相關文獻，工作往往是集中於整合不同利害關係人(stakeholder)的專案經理(project manager)身上。
• 資訊架構任務包含：
  • 資訊環境的設計與設計管理；
    “[i]nformation architecture is primarily about the design of information environments and the management of an information environment design process”(Morrogh, 2003⁵⁾, 6)
  • 複雜資訊環境的指引與尋路機制，讓使用者能在資訊空間中找到所需的資訊，一如在機場、車站這類不熟悉的大型建築物之中。即「資訊系統中的組織、命名、導覽架構」；類似傳統知識組織工具如目次、書後索引、詞彙表、控制詞彙、分類表等等。
    an aspect that has strong similarities to an area in architecture called “wayfinding”, which aims to facilitate people’s orientation in large, often unfamiliar buildings, such as airports (Van Dijck, 2003⁶⁾, 91; Muhlhausen⁷⁾, 2006). This aspect of information architecture deals with “organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system” (Rosenfeld & Morville, 2002, 4; cf. Head, 2001). It has similarities to such knowledge organising tools as tables of contents and back-of-the-book indexes in print, but traditional knowledge organisation tools such as thesauri, controlled vocabulary, and classification are also used (Toms, 2002⁸⁾, 860).

• Louis Rosenfeld & Peter Morville⁹⁾: 對資訊架構最有引響力的書 網際網路資訊架構學。由於兩位作者都有圖書館與資訊科學的背景，他們強調資訊架構的知識組織面。討論了網站導覽系統的分類學的本質。
• Andrew Large, Jamshid Beheshti, & Charles Cole (2002¹⁰⁾): 提出“應用資訊架構學”(applied information architecture). 作者著重在資訊入口(portal)設計，歸納從介面設計到檢索的不同資訊架構取向。
• Peter Van Dijck: 以設計師為中心，用更廣的角度討論資訊架構相關議題，但另一方面也將資訊架構更具體化為“組織基模(organization schemes)”, 類別(categories), 命名(labels),與網站地圖(sitemap)設計。(2003¹¹⁾, ch. 3).

本節主要根據 Rosenfeld & Morville 所提出的資訊架構設計要素，

• 組織系統
• 瀏覽系統與搜尋系統
• 命名系統

• 文件架構，在以往文獻中並沒有明確的被定義過。
• 與文件架構相關的研究，機讀文件格式：
  • ISI Web of Science 的 COBATEF – the COntext-BAsed TExt Formatting system (Peels, Janssen & Nawijn, 1985)
  • Open Document Architecture, ODA (ISO 8613 1986)
  • Standard Generalized Markup Language, SGML (ISO 8879-1986)
  • Extensible Markup Language, XML.

• 邏輯結構 logical structures: 文件的層次結構，即：章、節、段落
• 編排結構 layout structures: 呈現樣式
• 內容結構 content structures: 語義結構
• 檔案結構 file structures: 檔案關係的結構

在資訊架構或文件架構的看法中，透過「建築」的隱喻，我們將「文件」理解為一種社會-技術的人造產物。
“The architecture metaphor provides a model for understanding and conceptualising documents as sociotechnical artefacts.”(p.16)

前面的文獻探討還不錯。但最後結論的分析，把IA與DA直接對比沒有什麼道理。

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