Table of Contents

The social uses of television / Lull (1980)

Citation - Lull, J. (1980). The social uses of television. Human communication research, 6(3), 197-209.

Keyword -

Abstract

本研究基於社會建構主義者的觀點,提出觀眾在家中看電視的情境下,為了滿足特定需求會採取的某些行動。
Building from the social constructivist view, this paper provides evidence that audience members create specific and sometimes elaborate practical actions involving television in order to gratify particular needs in the context of family viewing.

Mass media as social resources | 作為社會資源的大眾媒體

以人類學方法進行媒體觀眾行為研究

THE ETHNOGRAPHIC METHOD IN THE STUDY OF MEDIA AUDIENCE BEHAVIOR

這節(198-201)討論以人類學方法進行觀眾行為的合法性與合理性、作法與案例。

Typology of social uses | 社會性使用電視媒體之類型

參考: McQuail et al. (1972) 將閱聽人的動機區分為(一)藉以遠離日常瑣務,尋求情感釋放的轉化型 (diversion),(二)尋求社交話題或取代人際傳播的社交型(personal relationship),(三)尋求價值的強化 (value reinforcement)、自我認識(self-understanding) 及探索現實(reality exploration)的信念型 (personal identity or individual psychology),以及(四)尋求可以影響閱聽人的資訊或協助其達成某項任務的守望型 (surveillance) 四大類。Katz, Gurevitch, & Haas (1973) 進一步將閱聽人動機分為獲取資訊和知識的認知需求 (cognitive needs)、包含情緒、娛樂、美學上的情感需求 (affective needs)、強化信心、地位、穩定度的自我整合需求(personal integrative needs)、強化和朋友、家人聯繫的社會整合需求(social integrative needs)、以及逃離現實和多樣釋放的壓力釋放需求 (tension release needs)。1)

作者認為本文主張的分類與McQuail et al. 的不同:

電視的社會性使用主要有兩種: (1)結構的與(2)關係的
Social uses of television in the home are of two primary types: structural and relational.

結構的
Structural
關係的
Relational
環境的(背景噪音;陪伴;娛樂)
Environmental (background noise; companionship; entertainment)

例行規律的(固定時間;例行的談話)
Regulative (punctuation of time and activity; talk patterns)
促進溝通(描繪經驗;奠基共識;會話開場;減低焦慮;談話議題;釐清價值)
Communication Facilitation (experience illustration; common ground; conversational entrance; anxiety reduction; agenda for talk; value clarification)

建立關係/迴避(作為建構人際關係或防線的資源: 肢體與口語接觸/疏忽;鞏固家庭;弛緩家庭緊張;減低衝突;維持關係)
Affiliation/Avoidance (as a resource for the construction of desired opportunities for interpersonal contact or avoidance: physical, verbal contact/neglect; family solidarity; family relaxant; conflict reduction; re1ationship maintenance)

社會學習(決策;行為塑模;解決問題;價值傳遞;正當性;資訊傳佈;替代學校課程)
Social Learning (decision-making; behavior modeling; problem solving; value transmission; legitimization; information dissemination; substitute schooling)

職權/治理(制定角色;強化角色;代理角色肖像;認證知識;施行權力;守門;促進論題)
Competence/Dominance (role enactment; role reinforcement; substitute role portrayal; intellectual validation; authority exercise; gatekeeping; argument facilitation)

結構的

相關的

促進溝通

建立或鞏固人際關係

電視作為建構人際關係或防線的資源。

美國駐德國陸軍發現,看不到英語電視節目是導致士兵高離婚率的原因。因為「士兵與老婆晚上只好不斷找話聊,最後發現兩人根本不喜歡彼此」,軍方作出以上的表示。
Anthropologist Edmund Carpenter (1972) reported that a U.S. Army official in Germany recently blamed the high divorce rate among his troops on the lack of an English-language television station in the area where they live. The officer said, “That means a soldier and his wife have got to talk to each other in the evenings and they suddently discover that they really don’t like each other” (Carpenter, 1972, p. 10).

* 協助維持已婚關係。電視節目可以建立另一個想像中的現實,彌補婚姻中任何一方因為維持共同生活所做的犧牲。

社會學習

職權/治理

Note

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file link - Google Schloar, XXC

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客家電視收視群與經營策略分析 - 行政院客家委員會