== Towards an architectural document analysis / Francke (2009)==

**Citation** - Francke, H. (2009). Towards an Architectural Document Analysis. Journal of Information Architecture, 1(1), 16-36.

**Keyword** - [[:Information Architecture]], [[:Document Architecture]]

==Abstract==
本文主要探討:
* 資訊架構(IA)與文件架構(DA)的定義與運用。\\ <fs 50%>The article contains an overview of how IA and DA have been used and defined. </fs>
* 將文件當作一種「社會-科技產物」的分析模型，能在理論與實務方面，更有效的區分資訊架構分析與文件架構分析。\\ <fs 50%>The article shows how a model for analysing documents as sociotechnical artefacts can fruitfully draw on parts of the theoretical and practical complexes of IA and DA.</fs>
** IA（資訊架構分析）考慮的是組織系統、導覽、與命名。 \\ <fs 50%>.... IA are organisation systems, navigation, and labelling.</fs>
** DA（文件架構分析） 考慮的是邏輯架構、編排架構、內容架構、文件架構。 \\ <fs 50%>From DA, logical structures, layout structures, content structures, and file structures are all applicable aspects. </fs>





== 「文字/文件即建築」 隱喻 的歷史 ==
THE HISTORY OF THE “TEXT/DOCUMENT AS ARCHITECTURE” METAPHOR

* Cowling(1998)((Cowling, D. (1998). Building the Text: Architecture as Metaphor in Late Medieval and Early Modern France. Oxford: Clarendon Press.))
** [[:people:Plato]], Gorgias (蘇格拉底對話錄, 高爾及亞篇): writer and builder alike handle “problems involving the ordering, framing, and fitting together of materials”. 羅馬修辭學。建構言語如同房屋。
** 建築與傳統修辭所相通的步驟：
*** inventio （構思, invention）– gathering or constructing material 
*** dispositio （佈局, disposition）– ordering it according to some form of structure (which may be a hierarchical arrangement)
*** ornatus （措辭風格, style）– decorating it in accordance with the intended style and audience.
* 電腦相關領域對於建築隱喻的運用：
** the metaphor has also come to be used in other noun phrases such as systems architecture, software architecture 
** Coplien & Devos (2000)((Coplien, J. O., Devos, M. (2000). Architecture as Metaphor. Proceedings of the World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Orlando, Florida, July 2000. 737-742. <http://users.rcn.com/jcoplien/SCI2000Arch.html> [2005-05-23])) for a discussion on similarities between the role of building architects and software architects. 
** Both in software architecture (Coplien, 1999, 41) ((Coplien, J. O. (1999). “Reevaluating the Architectural Metaphor: Toward Piecemeal Growth”. IEEE Software 16.5: 40-44.)) and in information architecture (Morrogh, 2003, 3)(([[:study:Morrogh, E. (2003). Information Architecture]]: An Emerging 21st Century Profession. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.)), the analogy seems to focus more on the architects’ tasks and concerns than on the architecture of the artefact. 
** For a critique of the metaphor’s applicability in software architecture, see Baragry & Reed (2001).

==資訊架構 information architecture==
===資訊架構: 定義===
* 通常是指製作大型網站的過程之一；或也可以是一種運用在大型網站建置以外的隱喻，例如企業資訊技術架構中的元件配置模型。
* 雖然資訊架構工作可能涉及整合於不同學科領域的專家，如平面設計、圖書館資訊科學、新聞、使用性工程、行銷、人機互動、等等。但實務中，根據相關文獻，工作往往是集中於整合不同利害關係人(stakeholder)的專案經理(project manager)身上。
* 資訊架構任務包含：
** 資訊環境的設計與設計管理；\\ <fs 50%>“[i]nformation architecture is primarily about the design of information environments and the management of an information environment design process”(Morrogh, 2003(([[:study:Morrogh, E. (2003). Information Architecture]]: An Emerging 21st Century Profession. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.)), 6)</fs>
** 複雜資訊環境的指引與尋路機制，讓使用者能在資訊空間中找到所需的資訊，一如在機場、車站這類不熟悉的大型建築物之中。即「資訊系統中的組織、命名、導覽架構」；類似傳統知識組織工具如目次、書後索引、詞彙表、控制詞彙、分類表等等。\\ <fs 50%>an aspect that has strong similarities to an area in architecture called “wayfinding”, which aims to facilitate people’s orientation in large, often unfamiliar buildings, such as airports (Van Dijck, 2003(([[:study:Van Dijck, P. (2003). Information Architecture for Designers]]: Structuring Websites for Business Success. Mies: RotoVision.)), 91; Muhlhausen((Muhlhausen, J. (2006). “Wayfinding is not Signage.” SignWeb.com <http://signweb.com/index.php/channel/6/id/1433> [2008-03-07])), 2006). This aspect of information architecture deals with “organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system” (Rosenfeld & Morville, 2002, 4; cf. Head, 2001). It has similarities to such knowledge organising tools as tables of contents and back-of-the-book indexes in print, but traditional knowledge organisation tools such as thesauri, controlled vocabulary, and classification are also used (Toms, 2002(([[:study:Toms, E. G. (2002). Information Interaction]]: Providing a Framework for Information Architecture. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53.10: 855-862.)), 860).</fs>

===資訊架構: 實務應用===
* Louis Rosenfeld & Peter Morville(([[:study:Rosenfeld, L., Morville, P. (2002). Information Architecture for the World Wide Web]]. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly.)): 對資訊架構最有引響力的書 網際網路資訊架構學。由於兩位作者都有圖書館與資訊科學的背景，他們強調資訊架構的知識組織面。討論了網站導覽系統的分類學的本質。
* Andrew Large, Jamshid Beheshti, & Charles Cole (2002(([[:study:Large, A., Beheshti, J., Cole, C. (2002). Information Architecture for the Web]]: The IA Matrix Approach to Designing Children’s Portals. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53.10: 831-838.))): 提出"應用資訊架構學"(applied information architecture). 作者著重在資訊入口(portal)設計，歸納從介面設計到檢索的不同資訊架構取向。
* Peter Van Dijck: 以設計師為中心，用更廣的角度討論資訊架構相關議題，但另一方面也將資訊架構更具體化為"組織基模(organization schemes)", 類別(categories), 命名(labels),與網站地圖(sitemap)設計。(2003(([[:study:Van Dijck, P. (2003). Information Architecture for Designers]]: Structuring Websites for Business Success. Mies: RotoVision.)), ch. 3).

===資訊架構分析===
本節主要根據 [[:study:rosenfeld_morville_ia_for_www|Rosenfeld & Morville]] 所提出的資訊架構設計要素，


* 組織系統
* 瀏覽系統與搜尋系統
* 命名系統

==文件架構 Document Architecture==
===定義===
* 文件架構，在以往文獻中並沒有明確的被定義過。
* 與文件架構相關的研究，機讀文件格式：
** ISI Web of Science 的 COBATEF -- the COntext-BAsed TExt Formatting system (Peels, Janssen & Nawijn, 1985)
** Open Document Architecture, ODA (ISO 8613 1986)
** Standard Generalized Markup Language, SGML (ISO 8879-1986) 
** Extensible Markup Language, XML.
===分析===
* 邏輯結構 logical structures: 文件的層次結構，即：章、節、段落
* 編排結構 layout structures: 呈現樣式 
* 內容結構 content structures: 語義結構
* 檔案結構 file structures: 檔案關係的結構



== Quotes ==
在資訊架構或文件架構的看法中，透過「建築」的隱喻，我們將「文件」理解為一種社會-技術的人造產物。\\ "The architecture metaphor provides a model for understanding and conceptualising documents as sociotechnical artefacts."(p.16)

== Note ==

前面的文獻探討還不錯。但最後結論的分析，把IA與DA直接對比沒有什麼道理。
== Metadata/Backlinks ==

{{backlinks>.}}
{{tag>Information_Architecture}}

**file link** - [[google.s>francke h. 2009 . towards an architectural document analysis|Google Schloar]], [[xxcfile>francke h. 2009 . towards an architectural document analysis|XXC]]