translate form http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map ==Concept map [概念圖]== **Concept mapping[概念圖繪製]** 是將各種不同概念與其關係視覺化([[Visualization]])的一種技巧,概念圖是呈現概念間關係的圖解(diagram)。在概念圖中,標名(labelled)的箭頭線段連結各個概念,箭頭的方向表示往下發展的層次。這些線段的名稱會像是:「引發」、「導致」、「需要」、「提供」等等。 ==Development== [[:people:Joseph D. Novak]]於1970年代,在康乃爾大學(Cornell University)發展出概念圖繪製技巧。當時,Novak 將這種技巧應用在科學教學上,做為一種增進理解的教學技術。Novak 的設計是基於[[:people:David Ausubel]]的理論([[assimilation theory]])。Ausubel 在此理論中,強調建構式教學([[constructivism learning]])的觀點,認為先前知識(prior knowledge)是學習新知識的基礎框架(framework),並有不可取代的重要性。在 Novak 的著作 //Learning to Learn// 中,指出「有意義的學習,涉及將新概念與命題的同化(assimilation)入既有的認知架構中。」 ===運用=== 概念圖被認為有助於創意發想。例如,概念圖繪製有時被用作為腦力激盪(brain-storming)的工具。雖然概念圖通常是非常個人化且個殊的,但是也會被用在複雜概念的溝通工作中。 形式化的概念圖也被用在軟體設計工作中。通常這種概念圖會以[[UML|Unified Modeling Language(UML)]]的圖示系統作為開發方法中的表記系統。 在人工智慧與語意網路之類的研究中,概念圖繪製也被視為一種初階的「本體建構(ontology-building)」以表徵形式化的論證(formal argument)。 概念圖被廣泛的運用在教育與企業領域: * 在文獻與相關資料來源中,進行筆記([[Note taking]])與歸納關鍵概念、其關係與階層。 * 創造新知識內容。例如,將內隱知識轉換為有組織的知識資源。 * 機構知識保存。例如,引出員工的專業知識。 * 協同知識塑模(collaborative knowledge modeling) * 促進願景分享與組織間的互相理解 * 教學設計:被 Ausubelian 學派用作為進階組織工具,以提供後續資訊與學習的初始概念架構。 * 訓練:被 Ausubelian 學派用作為進階組織工具,以呈現工作情境,以及情境與其工作、組織的策略目的、與訓練目標的關係。 * 增進有意義的學習 * 溝通複雜概念與論題 * 檢驗複雜概念與論題的對稱性,以及術語聯結 * 詳述觀點的整體結構,串聯思想,或描繪論點,讓他人檢視。 * 增強後設認知 * 改善語言能力 * 評估學習者對學習動機、概念與概念間關係的理解程度 ===與心智圖(mind map)的差別=== 概念圖與心智圖([[mind map]])是類似的圖式工具,但是仍然有差別 心智圖通常會受到其階層(樹狀)架構的限制。 有研究證據顯示,知識在腦中是以命題為基本單位,採階層式儲存的。因為概念地圖的目的是反映知識元素的組織,因此能有助於理解(sense-making)與進行有意義的學習。 Concept maps were developed to enhance meaningful learning in the sciences. A well made concept map grows within a ''context frame'' defined by an explicit "focus question," while a mind map has branches radiating out from a central picture. 另一個概念圖與心智圖的差別,是兩者繪製時速度與自發性的不同。心智圖反映心中所想的。而概念圖被認為應該是現實(抽象上)的概念地圖或系統。 === External links === *[http://ltsnpsy.york.ac.uk/conceptmapping/ Concept Mapping Website] * [http://www.logo.com/twp/teaching_resources.html Free Concept Mapping Resources] to help teachers introduce young children to the ideas of Concept Mapping. *[http://wiki.conceptmapping.org/ Wiki dedicated to conceptmapping] *[http://users.edte.utwente.nl/lanzing/cm_home.htm Concept Mapping Homepage by Jan Lanzing] *[http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/info/printer.html "The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How To Construct Them"], Joseph D. Novak, Cornell University *[http://www.pavonerisorse.to.it/cacrt/mappe/ Italian Site on the Concept Mapping use in the school, by Marco Guastavigna] *[http://www.graphic.org/concept.html Concept Mapping at the Graphic Organizer] *[http://cmap.ihmc.us Institute for Human and Machine Cognition - Free Concept Map Tool] *[http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/concept.htm Concept Mapping: A Graphical System for Understanding the Relationship between Concepts] - From the ERIC Clearinghouse on Information and Technology. ==== Concept mapping software ==== * [http://www.mind-mapping.org Software for information organisation] A very complete list of mind mapping/concept mapping software. ==== Freely available software==== There are several good freely available pieces of software that allow the creation of concept maps. * [http://cmap.ihmc.us/download IHMC CmapTools] is a multiplatform freeware * [http://www.compendiuminstitute.org/ Compendium] is a freeware concept mapper with database backend, written in Java * [http://www.conzilla.org/ Conzilla] is a GNU GPL-licenced concept mapper written in Java * [http://sourceforge.net/projects/tuftsvue/ VUE] is a desktop concept mapping tool developed under a grant from the Mellon Foundation. Written in Java, it runs on a variety of platforms. ==== Proprietary software==== There are many pieces of [[proprietary software]] (in alphabetical order) that allow the creation of concept maps. * [http://www.topicscape.com/ 3D Topicscape] takes mind mapping and concept mapping into 3D with flying and zooming. * [http://www.aibase-cs.com Aibase] maps combine colorful trees, concept maps, tables and more. * [http://web.singnet.com.sg/~axon2000 Axon Idea Processor] is a Windows program developed in Prolog. * [http://www.conceptdraw.com/en/products/cd5/main.php ConceptDraw] is cross-platform software * [http://www.ConceptSystems.com Concept Systems Global] Sophisticated online group concept mapping, collaboration, and consensus development. * [http://www.lets-focus.com/index.php?action=show&language=en&page=1 let's focus] Concept mapping and general diagramming, as well as visual metaphors and knowledge maps * [http://www.matterandmotion.com First Diagramming] Concept mapping (and general diagramming) for Windows Mobile and SmartPhone devices * [[Inspiration Software]] develops and publishes visual learning tools used for concept mapping, diagramming and webbing. [http://www.inspiration.com]. * [http://www.moresophy.com/networker/homepage/TopicPage.jsp?id=02t4o34l5106&language=en L4 Modeller] is a graphical modeling environment as a modular component within the [[Knowledge management|KM]] platform L4 Semantic NetWorking of moresophy. * [http://www.sebastian-krauss.de/software/ MyMind] is another Mac-OS-X-based concept/mind mapping tool. * [http://nelements.org Nelements KOS] 3d concept mapping tool. * [http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omnigraffle/ OmniGraffle] is a Mac-OS-X-based concept mapper. * [[PAUX]] PAUX is software to develop, manage and publicize dynamic [[Mass customization|individualized]] content by linking [[Learning object metadata|reusable]] [[semantic]] content objects [[semantic]]ally. These objects are to make knowledge available as [[wiktionary:filter|filter]]able [[content]] for [[website]]s, [[Semantic Wiki]], detailed-[[Evaluation|evaluated]] eLearning and individualized [[print media]]. The [[data model]] is a multi[[dimension]]al concept map. * [http://www.semanticresearch.com/ Semantica] is a Java-based concept mapping tool. * [http://www.smartideas.com SMART Ideas Software] adds depth to visual learning with multilevel concept maps. * [http://www.strategictransitions.com/aboutsupport.htm Strategic Transitions:] ''(Higher education '''[[Tactical Operations Center|TOC]]''' templates)'' * [http://www.logo.com/cat/view/thinking-pictures.html Thinking with Pictures] is commercial highly visual model mapping software for children running on MS Windows.